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Social inhibition is a conscious or subconscious avoidance of a situation or social interaction. With a high level of social inhibition, situations are avoided because of the possibility of others disapproving of their feelings or expressions. Social inhibition is related to behavior, appearance, social interactions, or a subject matter for discussion. Related processes that deal with social inhibition are social evaluation concerns, anxiety in social interaction, social avoidance, and withdrawal. Also related are components such as cognitive brain patterns, anxious apprehension during social interactions, and internalizing problems. It also describes those who suppress anger, restrict social behavior, withdraw in the face of novelty, and have a long latency to interact with strangers.〔Denollet, J. (2013). Interpersonal sensitivity, social inhibition, and Type D personality: How and when are they associated with health? Comment on Marin and Miller (2013). Psychological Bulletin, 139(5), 991-997. doi:10.1037/a0033537〕 Individuals can also have a low level of social inhibition, but certain situations may generally cause people to be more or less inhibited. Social inhibition can be reduced by the use of drugs including alcohol. Major signs of social inhibition in children are cessation of play, long latencies to approaching the unfamiliar person, signs of fear and negative affect, and security seeking.〔Ballespí, S., Jané, M., & Riba, M. (2013). Reliability and validity of a brief clinician-report scale for screening behavioral inhibition. Journal Of Psychopathology And Behavioral Assessment, 35(3), 321-334. doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9344-7〕 Also in high level cases of social inhibition, other social disorders can emerge through development, such as social anxiety disorder and social phobia.〔Lewis-Morrarty, E., Degnan, K. A., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Rubin, K. H., Cheah, C. L., Pine, D. S., & ... Fox, N. A. (2012). Maternal over-control moderates the association between early childhood behavioral inhibition and adolescent social anxiety symptoms. Journal Of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(8), 1363-1373. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9663-2〕〔Ordoñez-Ortega, A., Espinosa-Fernandez, L., Garcia-Lopez, LJ, & Muela-Martinez, JA (2013). (Inhibición Conductual y su Relación con los Trastornos de Ansiedad Infantil/Behavioral Inhibition and Relationship with Childhood Anxiety Disorders ). Terapia Psicologica, 31, 355-362.〕 ==Background== Social inhibition can range from normal reactions to social situations to a pathological level, associated with psychological disorders like social anxiety or social phobia. Life events are important and are related to our well-being and inhibition levels.〔Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., & Elliot, A. J. (2000). Behavioral activation and inhibition in everyday life. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 78(6), 1135-1149. doi 10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1135〕 In a lab study conducted by Buck and colleagues, social inhibition in everyday life was reviewed. Researchers observed how individuals interacted and communicated about different stimuli. In this study, there were female participants called "senders" who viewed twelve emotionally loaded stimuli. There were also participants in the study called "received" who had to guess which stimuli was viewed by the senders. The senders were either alone, with a friend, or with a stranger while viewing the slides. The results of the study revealed that being with a stranger had inhibitory effects on communication, whereas being with a friend had facilitative effects with some stimuli and inhibitory effects with others.〔Buck, R., Losow, J. I., Murphy, M. M., & Costanzo, P. (1992). Social facilitation and inhibition of emotional expression and communication. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 63(6), 962-968. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.962〕 The results show how anyone can be inhibited in daily life, with strangers or even friends. Inhibition can also be determined by one's sensitivity levels to different social cues throughout the day. Gable and colleagues conducted a study in which they examined different events participants would record at the end of their day. Participants were also measured on the behavioral activation system and the behavioral inhibition system. The results revealed that individuals with more sensitivity on the behavioral inhibition system reported having more negative effects from daily events.〔 Expression can also be inhibited or suppressed because of anxiety to social situations or simple display rules. Yarczower and Daruns' study about social inhibition of expression defined inhibition of expression as a suppression of one's facial behavior in the presences of someone or a perceived anxious situation. They addressed the display rules we all learn as children; we are told what expressions are suitable for what situations. Then as age increases we are socialized into not expressing strong facial emotions. However, leaving the face with a reduced expression hinders communication. In turn this makes the face a less reliable social cue during social interactions.〔Yarczower, M., & Daruns, L. (1982). Social inhibition of spontaneous facial expressions in children. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 43(4), 831-837. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.4.831〕 Friedmen and Miller-Herringer bring these nonverbal expressions to the next level by studying individuals that have a greater level of emotional suppression. They state that without proper emotional expression social interactions can be much more difficult because others may not understand another individual's emotional state.〔Friedman, H. S., & Miller-Herringer, T. (1991). Nonverbal display of emotion in public and in private: Self-monitoring, personality, and expressive cues. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 61(5), 766-775. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.5.766〕 This being said, there are also four commonly seen irrational cognitive patterns involved in social inhibition. The first pattern centers on self-esteem and perfectionism. In these cases, an individual would inhibit themselves though self-criticism; they want to do everything the "right" way. The second pattern deals with unrealistic approval needs; here individuals want to gain the approval of others and will fear rejection if they express too much. In the third pattern, unrealistic labeling of aggressive and assertive behavior depicts how many individuals that inhibit themselves may feel as though aggression or assertiveness is bad. They believe if they express these behaviors they will receive a negative label. The last pattern discusses criticism of others, this pattern is a spin-off from the first. They will be highly critical of others much like they are to themselves.〔 Ludwig, L. D., & Lazarus, A. A. (1972). A cognitive and behavioral approach to the treatment of social inhibition. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 9(3), 204-206. doi:10.1037/h0086749〕 Shyness is another factor that is a part of social inhibition. Shyness is associated with low emotional regulations and high negative emotions. In many cases shy individuals have a greater change of social inhibition.〔Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1995). "Relations of shyness and low sociability to regulation and emotionality". ''Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology'', 68(3), 505-517. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.505〕 Although social inhibition is a common part of life, individuals can also have high levels of inhibition. Social Inhibition on higher levels can sometimes be a precursor to disorders such as Social Anxiety Disorder. Essex and colleagues found that some early risk factors may play a role in having chronically high inhibition. In this study, mothers, teachers, and the child reported on the child's behavioral inhibition. The factors that were found to be contributors to social inhibition were female gender, exposure to maternal stress during infancy and the preschool period, and early manifestation of behavioral inhibition.〔Essex, M. J., Klein, M. H., Slattery, M. J., Goldsmith, H., & Kalin, N. H. (2010). Early risk factors and developmental pathways to chronic high inhibition and social anxiety disorder in adolescence. The American Journal Of Psychiatry, 167(1), 40-46. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.07010051〕 In severe cases, clinical treatment, such as therapy, may be necessary to help with social inhibition or the manifesting social disorder.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Social inhibition」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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